Aortic Valve Replacement Module

Provides comprehensive practice on endovascular implantation of an aortic valve bioprosthesis. The practiced steps include navigating through the aortic arch and crossing the LV, using fluoroscopy and cineangiography to find the best angulation for visualizing the aortic valve annulus, pressure gradient measurements, aortic balloon valvuloplasty including rapid pacing and accurately positioning and deploying an aortic valve bioprosthesis.
Complications include LV perforation. Virtual patients vary in heart orientations, annulus sizes, degrees of valve calcification and LV hypertrophy.